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Veg ea ata Rae ee ey ie lac nee bac yee date ded Ge MURR Poth CAE TW AIC we eal dae Now g bw Ae We be UP AO deli a yenem al Teva idsee ae bode ibr om! vA es UTA i CRON) vi wiva ayaa g 5 PEN UNE IE CCTME IIMA ROE RK CR ACN SCE A SNC HC UOC OTT IRC ORM OR eR OO SES Sasars Abed Se ataowpe Sr Vreregm tl a ouse bey teu pad ad not METER IU mre SCM TI Oke mM inTe rH On kM ION RCM at CC cee LA eMC IS a a Dem O RACER CA A nM Roan iG eben ec Veh we on yo 9 eens eh CP EER Cae tee hy nf 8 Bath My toed Gt Fi Bead HACC. HOH pag 8 ete fh 469 cite TI a ata aedsilid: sls Ow Myst” Quam 50 \bN 6? vcr We ov kai os pa Pe a 1 OF y - ib : it i ve nt A i py - Jay ae m 1 a t 1 Ags 5 ue = ; i i i fhe ne | i 1 i) : i? ay i ae i , T i i (en j n bo ne . 1 \ if ‘o al ‘t ; ii Le i ii i 4 a eS ; 7 , _ > . . » . 7 a - : a - - = “Sy / ONNOA ONY ZIVAN LINGY ‘(GUYYNAVW ) SdJIN/¥d SIAIWVYCOWWY “MOYUNVdS HOIMSd!I ALOWULEH WATT 09 8 UNO] | I ttoOuLrsINT "O° OcN Memoirs of the Wuttall Ornithological Club. No. II. THE IPSWICH SPARROW 1, (AMMODRAMUS PRINCEPS MAYNARD) AND ris SUMMER EO E. By JONATHAN DWIGHT, JR., M.D. WITH A COLORED PLATE. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. PUBLISHED BY THE CLUB. AUGUST, 1895. Byrds THE IPSWICH SPARROW (AMMODRAMUS PRINCEPS) AND ITS SUMMER HOME. BY JONATHAN DWIGHT, JR., M.D. DiscoVERED among the sand-hills of Ipswich, Massachusetts, by Mr. C. J. Maynard, and the single specimen obtained by him December 4, 1868, wrongly identified as Baird’s Sparrow of the far West by no less eminent an authority than Professor S. F. Baird, the Ipswich Sparrow, for a long time after it was recognized as a new species, enjoyed a reputation for rarity which later observations have not sustained. Gradually the few energetic collectors who have cared to face the wintry winds that sweep the desolate stretches of low sand-hills fringing so much of our Atlantic coast, have proved the bird to be a regular migrant or winter visitor, found more or less abundantly from Maine to Georgia. For nearly sixteen years after its discovery there was no clue to its breeding haunts until, in 1884, a single summer specimen was obtained from Sable Island, Nova Scotia. Until ten years later no successful effort was made to solve the mystery shrouding the summer home of a shy and silent species that disappeared from our shores with the earliest breath of spring, not to return again before the frosts of autumn had browned the waving clumps of coarse grass where it makes its winter home. It was in the hope of reading some of the unturned pages of the life-history of this interesting Sparrow that I visited Sable Island during the summer of 1894. A long personal acquaintance with the bird, added to my recent observations, enables me to present a comprehensive account of a species which, a New England discovery itself, annually imitates the Pilgrim Fathers in landing on New England’s shores; and Iam confident my brother ornithologists, of that part of the country at least, will feel a particular interest in the new facts I am able to present regarding a species so peculiarly their own. Perhaps one of the most interesting results of my trip has been to establish the fact that the Ipswich Sparrow is resident on Sable Island the whole year round. Moreover, it is the only land bird that makes its nest there, being known as the ‘ Gray Bird’ to the few inhabitants. As no other breeding grounds have ever been found (and careful search has been made by several observers), Sable Island may truly be called the home of 4 MEMOIRS OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. the Ipswich Sparrow. Lying as it does far out in the ocean, nearly one hundred miles from the Nova Scotia coast, a landing upon it impracticable except in fine weather, and wrapped in impenetrable fog for weeks ata time, small wonder is it that this lonely sand-bank should have guarded its secrets for so many years. Now at last it has yielded them up, and the home life of the Ipswich Sparrow, its unknown song, its undiscovered nest and eggs, its undescribed fledgling plumage, are no longer matters of con- jecture. It is my pleasant task in these pages to lay them before my readers, with some other new facts that came to my notice while exiled on the narrow strip of sand known as Sable Island. I reached there on the 28th of May, 1894, departing thence on the 14th of June. No one is allowed to land without a permit from the Dominion Government, but, thanks to kind and interested friends, this was obtained for me without the delays and red tape that are apt to discourage such efforts. From the Government officials with whom I came in contact I received every atten- tion, and to the cordial hospitality of Mr. Robert J. Boutilier, especially, the superintendent of the life-saving service on the island, and his family I owe the great success of my expedition. The only communication the island has with the mainland is by the Government steamer which at long and irregular intervals carries supplies thither for the seventeen men (several of them with families) who now look after the two lighthouses and four life-saving stations. The trip, if made from Halifax, usually occupies a whole day, but the boat may spend days or even weeks supplying the other lighthouses of the Nova Scotia (or occasionally the Newfoundland) coast before it proceeds to Sable Island. The frequent fogs and the impossibility of making a landing unless the wind is in the right quarter, are other sources of delay and danger in visiting the place, and to accomplish it an unlimited amount of time and patience must be at one’s disposal. The voyages to and from the island actually occupied me six days, two of which were spent at anchor in the fog. As I went off in the first boat that had visited the island in five months I confess to some misgivings when the steamer left me, as to how long I might be obliged to play Robinson Crusoe. Like that gentleman I swept up the beach on the crest of a breaker, but I had the advantage of him in being comfortably seated ina surf boat. The cordiality of my reception quickly dispelled all doubts as to my surviving for an indefinite period, and when I left the island it was with regret, for everybody seemed to take an interest in my researches, and no sooner was a nest found or a bird caught than the intelligence came to me over the telephone wires that connect the different stations, and some of the domesticated wild ponies were ready in the barns to transport me wherever I wished to go. THE IPSWICH SPARROW. 5 When everything is taken into consideration, I am convinced that the Fates were unusually propitious, and enabled me to accomplish within a few weeks what might easily have taken as many months. No steamer visited the island for two months after I left it, and this impossibility of escape from a place that has absolutely no other means of communication with the outer world (not even a cable) is a serious bar to making a journey that lands the rash naturalist on a veritable terra incognita. In order that we may better understand the conditions under which the birds are living there today, it will be interesting for us to glance at the history of this isolated spot, already the theme of many a pen, and impor- tant for us to dwell at some length upon the natural history, about which little has been written. History oF SABLE ISLAND. Whether the Dane, Biorn Heriulfsen, really spied the island, as he is said to have done, in the year 986 A.D. or not, is a matter not susceptible of proof,' but that it was known to the navigators of the sixteenth century is shown by its appearance on early charts.? It is apparently indicated as ‘samta cruz’ on a chart of 1505 by Pedro Reinel, as ‘st cruz’ on one of 1544 by Sebastian Cabot, and as ‘Isola della Rena’ (Sandy Island) on one of about 1550 by the Italian, Gastaldi; while it appears on various maps of later date under the names of ‘isle de sable,’ ‘J. Sable,’ etc., all ringing changes on the French word sa@é/e, meaning ‘sand,’ the adjacent mainland being in those times under French rule, and known as Acadie. The accuracy of some of the statements made by early writers regarding the island, is questionable; and whether the Frenchman, Baron de Léry, visited it and left behind him cattle and swine in the year 1518, is very doubtful ; but that the Portuguese stocked it with these animals about the middle of the sixteenth century seems to be an established fact. In 1583 occurred the first of a long series of disasters on its dangerous bars. The Admzral, an armed vessel in the service of Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth, was wrecked here, and nearly one hundred lives were lost. The expedition, under command of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, half-brother to Sir Walter Raleigh, consisted of five ships, and was proceeding from New- foundland, which island had just been taken possession of in the name of the Queen. 1J. M. Oxley, ‘ Historic Aspects of Sable Island.’ Mag. Amer. Hist., XV, Feb. 1886, 163. 2 Facsimiles of many of them may be found in ‘ Cartier to Frontenac,’ by Justin Winsor, 1894, PP2050535 etc: 6 MEMOIRS OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. In 1598 forty convicts were left on the island by the Marquis de la Roche, who intended to transfer them to the mainland as soon as he had selected a site for a new colony. A storm, however, presently arose that drove him eastward, and he finally returned to France where he is said to have been imprisoned. The convicts were not rescued for five or six years, when all save a dozen had perished, the survivors subsisting on cattle, seals and berries, and clothing themselves with skins and furs. During the first half of the seventeenth century the island was visited by English and French fishermen and hunters in pursuit of the seals, walruses and foxes that then abounded, and by others who hunted the cattle for their hides. In 1633 John Rose of Boston, who was wrecked upon the island, reported having seen ‘¢more than eight hundred head of wild cattle and a great many foxes many of which were black.” After he had effected his escape in a boat built from the wreckage of his vessel, he returned again with seventeen Acadians, who so slaughtered the cattle that few remained when, some years later, a company arrived from Boston having the same end in view. Apparently the cattle, foxes, and walruses were exterminated at about this time, for we find little or no reference to them during the next hundred years. About 1738 Rev. Andrew Le Mercier, also of Boston, restocked the island with some domestic animals, expecting to settle there himself. The wild ponies that to the present day are found in ‘ gangs’ all over the island are said to be descendants of this stock, although it is thought by some that they originally came from the wreck of a Spanish vessel.’ Since Le Mercier’s time the cattle have been at least semi-domesticated, for the island became during the latter half of the eighteenth century a place of resort, not only of honest fishermen, but of pirates and wreckers, attracted no doubt by the constantly increasing number of vessels that were cast away upon it. Gruesome tales are told of the robbery and murder of the unfortunate people who escaped the sea only to fall into the hands of these miscreants, and blood-curdling ghost-stories have grown out of this dark period of the island’s history. In order to protect life and property, the Government of Nova Scotia in the autumn of 1801 established on Sable Island the first relief or humane establishment, that has developed into the well-equipped life-saving service there today. Since 1801 accurate records of the havoc wrought by storms in the physical aspect of the island, and of the many wrecks that have occurred on its outlying bars, have been kept by the various superintendents. Up to 1882, no less than one hundred and 1For an account of them see J. B. Gilpin ‘On introduced species of Nova Scotia,’ Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. Sci., Vol. I (printed II), pt. 1, 1864, pp. 60-68. THE IPSWICH SPARROW. 7 fifty known wrecks had occurred, and by January 1, 1895, eighteen more had been added, two of them occurring during the summer of 1894, after my departure. A ‘ wreck-chart’ of the island was prepared by Mr. S. D. Macdonald of Halifax in 1882, and published by the Department of Marine of the Dominion Government.' It has been revised up to 1890, but there are supposed to have been other unknown wrecks far out on the bars, of which there is no evidence save perhaps broken spars or a dead body flung by the breakers high on the sandy beach. Richly does Sable Island deserve the title ‘An Ocean Graveyard,’ and well has it been said, «‘ No other island on this globe can show so appalling a record of shipwreck and disaster ! ” One of the most fascinating pages in the history of the island, and one that certainly bears most directly upon the history of our Sparrow, is that which records its gradual demolition by storms and ocean currents. It is now apparently a question of years, not centuries, before the island becomes a submerged bar like those with which it is surrounded or those which extend out for miles from either end. There have been periods when it has melted away with startling rapidity, and then again others during which little or no change has taken place. The western extremity has suffered most, while the eastern has been little affected save perhaps by the fury of the gale that, drifting the sand before it, builds up or pulls down the miniature mountains with surprising rapidity. It has been thought that the whole island has been moving eastward grain by grain, but such a statement has not been fully substantiated. It is the western end and southern shore that have been steadily washing away, and the process goes on more rapidly, the smaller the island becomes, while there is little or no compensatory building up of the eastern end. Its size prior to 1775 must remain a matter of conjecture. In that year, however, charts compiled from French sources show it to have been no less than forty miles in length and two and one quarter in breadth. In 1799 an Admiralty survey, carefully made, gave the island a length of thirty-one miles and a breadth of two. In 1808 a special survey of the island made it thirty miles in length and two in breadth, with hills from one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet in height, reaching their maximum elevation near the eastern end. In 1815 another chart shows the length to be only twenty-nine miles, and yet we learn that within the four years prior to 1814 no less than four miles of the western end had crumbled into the sea, as proved by the situation of the main station erected in 1801. It was then ‘A facsimile of this map, together with an account of the island, may be found: J. M. Oxley, ‘An Ocean Graveyard,’ Scribner's Magazine, I, May, 1837, pp. 603-610. 8 MEMOIRS OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. five miles from the western end. Its removal was necessitated in 1814, in 1820, and in 1833, the sea advancing meantime eleven miles. A survey in 1829 gave a length of only twenty-two miles, while another in 1851 increased this to twenty-three, since which time no survey has been made. Two wooden lighthouses, one at either end, were erected in 1873, the distance between them in a direct line being twenty-one miles, with probably a mile or so of grass-covered hills beyond them at either extremity. In 1882 the sea undermined the western lighthouse, and it was hastily taken down and moved 1218 feet further eastward. In 1888 a second removal became necessary, and this time it was transported nearly two miles eastward (g1oo feet SE. by E., 4 E.) to the site it now occupies. Meanwhile the sea has advanced to within about half a mile, and in a very few years will again threaten its destruction. These figures are derived principally from one of Mr. Macdonald’s interesting papers on Sable Island.’ It will be observed that they are somewhat conflicting, but whether this is due to inaccuracies in the surveys, to the difficulty of determining exactly where the ends of the island are, or to an actual movement eastward of the sand, the fact remains that the island is far smaller than it was a century ago. Regarding the history of the lagoon or lake which has always occupied a large portion of the island, I cannot do better than quote a few lines from the Rev. George Patterson’s excellent and exhaustive paper,’ where he says :— The changes going on in the physical structure of the*island appear further from what has taken place in the lake. Some time before the first government establish- ment was placed on the island there was an opening into it from the north. The superintendent, writing in 1808, says that ‘it is completely shut, and it is difficult to trace where it has been.’ The superintendent in 1826 mentions the same fact, but urges the reopening of it, which he thinks might be accomplished at moderate expense, in which case it would serve asa harbor of refuge for vessels of fifty tons. Some years after a terrific storm caused a similar opening from the south, through which small vessels entered for shelter, but in the year 1836 a similar storm filled it up again, inclosing two American vessels which had taken refuge within. For some time after the formation of the government establishment on the island, this lake was fifteen miles long, and, though gradually becoming shoal from the material drifting into it, it afforded a very convenient means of transport by boat. The residents largely used it in conveying supplies to the east end, in bringing wood 1 Trans. N.S. Inst. Nat. Sci., Vol. VI, pt. iv, 1886, pp. 110-119. ? Rev. George Patterson, ‘Sable Island, its history and phenomena,’ Trans. Royal Soc. Canada Sec. II, 1894, pp. 1-49. THE IPSWICH SPARROW. 9 from the same quarter, and wrecked materials to the main station. But during the winter of 1881 a severe gale opened a gulch near the east end, which has so drained it that it is now only eight miles long, and so shallow as to be useless for transport. The destructive agency of the sea appears farther in the ridge which separates the lake from the sea on the south. Originally it was half a mile wide, with hills upwards of fifty feet in height, now it is a narrow beach, in some places not more than a hundred yards wide and so reduced in height that the sea breaks over it in stormy weather. Should this barrier be removed, the work of demolition will go on more rapidly than ever. (Pp. 43-44.) The fragments of history here presented have been gathered from many sources, and selected with a view to showing the vicissitudes through which all animal life on the island must have passed. It now remains for me to describe the island as I found it in 1894. PuystcaL AsPpECT or SABLE ISLAND. The geologists tell us Sable Island is either the remains of a sand continent of remote glacial origin or, more probably, a vast heap of glacial detritus brought from the north by the ice-floes of a more modern period and heaped up by existing ocean currents.! At all events, it now forms the ribbon-like crest of a submerged bank two hundred miles long by ninety in breadth, similar to those extending from Newfoundland to the shoals of Nantucket. A scant twenty miles of rolling sand-hills is all that remains today above the surface of the ocean, some of the sand mountains attaining an elevation of eighty feet and resembling in almost every particular save greater size the stretches of sand dunes to be found along our Atlantic sea- board,— the same treeless aspect, the same sparse covering of coarse beach-grass, the same deserts of shifting white sand. But on Sable Island in the hollows among the hills and often to their very summits, grasses grow luxuriantly in many places, and a large part is carpeted with the evergreen Crowberry (Hmpetrum nigrum L.) and Juniper (Junzperus nana Willd.) which are very characteristic productions. Between the two lighthouses it stretches in the form of a slender crescent, the concavity towards the Nova Scotia coast distant at its nearest point eighty-six geographical miles. The horns of the crescent extend at 1S. D. Macdonald, ‘ Sable Island, no. 3, its probable origin and submergence,’ Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. Sci., VI, pt. iv, 1886, 265-280. 2 IO MEMOIRS OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. either end in several parallel submerged bars a distance of fifteen miles or more, where vessels have been lost a dozen miles from the nearest land. About a mile of grassy sand-hills now intervenes between each light and the northeast and northwest bars respectively. The former dries for several miles at low tide in fine weather, but the latter only shows little patches of damp sand, the remains of what was once part of the island; and if you stand at the western extremity, the sand is actually eaten away from beneath your very feet by a swift current from the southeast. As far as the eye can reach, an imposing white line of breaking surf extends out on both the bars. The greatest width of the island hardly anywhere exceeds a mile, and a lagoon called Lake Wallace, or simply ‘ the lake,’ stretching along more than one half of its length, diminishes the land area of the western portion fully one half. The lake, at most a few hundred yards in width and very shallow, is separated from the ocean southward by a bare sand-bar over which the sea breaks in time of storm and through which it has forced two narrow inlets. As we have seen, not many years ago this ‘ south beach,’ as it is called, was a substantial barrier of grassy sand-hillocks. Between the lake and the ocean northward intervenes a backbone of hillocks that increase in size eastward, until they culminate in a huge continuous bank. This maintains, almost without a break for six or eight miles, an elevation of sixty to eighty feet. Viewed inthe fog it looms up like an important range of mountains, descending abruptly on the ocean side, and sloping more gradually into the central valleys of the island, which are blocked at every turn with lesser hills and diversified with numerous fresh-water ponds. A less impressive southern range of hills extends along the shore eastward from the foot of the lake. The wind has carved them into numberless peaks, and here as well as in many other places its resistless force is shown. Once let a‘ raw’ spot (as it is aptly called) be found,—a break perhaps by hoofs of cattle in the grassy hillside, — and soon a hollow is whirled out that succeeding storms convert into a great gully or channel through the hills, over the steep sides of which hangs a feathery curtain of tangled roots and grass, vainly endeavoring to shield the edges from further injury. From one end to the other the island is a series of startling contrasts, verdure and sand desert going hand in hand. A single winter’s storm may completely change the face of the landscape, spiriting away hillocks in this place, building up others in that, and spreading a thick blanket of sand over what was perhaps the fairest spot of all. This burying process produces the thin layers of vegetable mould that alternate in many places with the sand of which the soil is almost wholly composed. The sand consists chiefly of fine THE IPSWICH SPARROW. Tae N rounded grains of white or transparent quartz, and no stones are found.! The beach is strewn with shells of many species, and its monotonous stretches are relieved by the ribs and other fragments of unfortunate vessels. Inland, the continuous areas of vegetation are much more exten- sive over the eastern half of the island than elsewhere; and evergreen shrubs almost entirely replace the turf-covered areas of its western part. CLIMATE. The climate of Sable Island is colder in summer and warmer in winter than its situation (East End Light, Lat. 43° 58’ 10” N., Long. 59° 46 20" W.; West End Light, Lat. 43° 56’ 40" N., Long. 60° 6' W.)? would indicate. It lies in the cold Labrador current sweeping down from Baffin’s Bay. Hence the cool summers; for Mr. Boutilier tells me there are only about twenty days in each year when the mercury goes above 70° F. and the highest recorded temperature in the last ten years has been 78.5° F. Proximity to the Gulf Stream tempers the winters, and only twice in the same period has the temperature been as low as 6° F., rarely reaching the single figure. Snow does not lie long, but wastes rapidly in the salt air. This same proximity to the Gulf Stream explains, too, the dense and fre- quent fogs that prevail at all seasons of the year. The warm, moisture- laden air of the Gulf Stream is carried by southerly breezes till it meets the cold atmosphere of the Labrador current, when a condensation of the aqueous vapor takes place, resulting in the fogs that often roll in, particu- larly in summer, as far as the Nova Scotia coast. I was informed that June and July were the months most to be dreaded, and that only a few years ago fog had prevailed at this time for nine consecutive weeks. I was more favored, and although there was fog of varying density almost every day of my stay, and occasional rain, the sun would sometimes struggle through for a few moments. Once or twice it shone brightly in the crisp air, a stiff westerly breeze driving the fog-banks out to sea, and dashing litthke waves upon the lagoon’s shores until they were lined with snowy drifts of foam. It wasa pretty sight, and large balls of the foam, diminishing in size as they sped, were chased along by the wind, leaving behind them queer white trails on the moist beach. 'Cf S. D. Macdonald, ‘Geological Notes,’ Trans. N. S. Inst. Nat. Sci., Vol. V, pt. iv, 1882, pp- 337-339- 2From ‘List of Lights and Fog-Signals on the coasts rivers and lakes of the Dominion of Canada. Corrected to 1st January, 1894." 12 MEMOIRS OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. The extremes of temperature encountered by me were 60° F. on June 9 and 4o° F. on June 13, and I can assure my readers that, with a temperature seldom over 50° F., winter clothing and an overcoat did not come amiss. The violence of the wind and the fury of winter storms can only be estimated by the changed aspect of hill and valley after a long-continued gale. I encountered one when the wind attained a velocity of over fifty miles an hour, and I can now realize what it must have been on one occasion when for twenty-four hours the anemometer registered a rate of not less than sixty-four miles an hour, with bursts that reached eighty- seven. FLora. It was impossible to study satisfactorily the flora of Sable Island, for at the time of my visit few of the plants had more than just opened their earliest buds, and of the species collected, many could not be positively identified even by so able a botanist as Dr. N. L. Britton of Columbia College, who was kind enough to make the attempt for me and to furnish the scientific names. The most abundant production is the Beach-grass (Ammophila arenaria (L.)) which grows, just as it does on our sandy coasts, in tufts and patches all over the island, from the edges of the low bluffs under- mined by the sea to the most inland ponds in the vicinity of which it mingles with other grasses, sedges and rushes. Some of these could be identified, as Juncus ballicus littoralis Engelm. and Juncoides campestre (L.), but there are also some unrecognizable species of Carex and Panicum. Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and Red-top Grass (Agrostis alba vulgaris With.), as well as Red Clover (7Z7rdfolium pratense L.), have been cultivated near the stations, and White Clover (7. repens L.) is frequently met with, but man’s influence has been at work on the island for so many centuries that it is almost impossible to draw the line between indigenous species, if such there be, and those artificially introduced. Next to the Beach-grass, the heather-like, alpine Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum L.), with its black little berries, vies with the sturdier Juniper (/Jun7perus nana Willd.) in abundance. The thick, yielding carpet that these two prostrate evergreen shrubs spread over a large portion of the island does much to preserve it from the fierce attacks of the wind, and to soften the bleak and desolate aspect it might otherwise present. To walk or ride over this bed of matted boughs gives one the sensation of being upon heavy tapestry laid upon a rough and hummocky surface. The hills and valleys at the THE IPSWICH SPARROW. 13 eastern end of the island are so covered that when softened by a veil of fog the effect is not unlike that of the rolling prairie lands of the West. The Crowberry is the more abundant and the more generally distributed of the two species. Rose bushes, apparently /tosa nitida Willd., and blueberry bushes, apparently Vacczntum pennsylvanicum Lam., abound, especially in the vicinity of the little ponds, where all vegetation is more luxuriant and where late in the season great beds of roses are to be seen. Large numbers of Cranberries (Schollera macrocarpa_ (Ait.)) grow wild, and the yearly crop that is gathered amounts sometimes to several hundred barrelfuls. From the trailing vines in the damp hollows among the hills the large and juicy berries of last year were still to be gathered at the time of my visit. The blueberry bushes were blossom- ing the second week in June, many of the tiny sprigs trailing in the sand, partly covered by it, and the leaf buds of the rose bushes were little more than half unfolded. Strawberries (/ragarta canadensis Michx.) grow in profusion, and the plants were in full blossom during my stay. The Partridgeberry (Mitchella repens L.), the Bunchberry (Cornus cana- densts L..) and the Bayberry (Myrica cerifera L.) are also found. No trees grow on Sable Island, and efforts to introduce them have proved futile. To be sure a stunted willow bush stands in the superin- tendent’s dooryard, protected by a board fence, but each winter the icy winds nip the few shoots that dare to push above this shelter. All the bushes of every kind are much dwarfed, few of them reaching half way to the knee, but forming very dense clumps in sheltered situations. Frequently the clumps catch the drifting sand; grass, weeds, and moss soon find a foot- hold, and some day a turfy hummock is the result. This perhaps gradually extends its limits and joins its neighbor, and in the course of time the charac- teristic hummocky ground of certain parts of the island is formed. At the time of my arrival all looked bare and brown. Before my departure nearly the whole surface had acquired a visibly greener tinge with here and there the ruddy glow of blossoming Sorrel (/tumex acctosella L..), while such weeds as the Beach Pea (Lathyrus maritimus (L.)), Everlasting (Guaphalium sp.?), and Meadow-rue ( Thalictrum sp.?) were becoming conspicuous. Blue violets (Viola obliqua Hill) and white ones (V. Janceolata L.) were abundant, and many inconspicuous plants were pushing above the ground and unfolding their early buds or blossoms, the majority of them too young for accurate determination. This is to be regretted, for my specimens show that not less than forty species occur. Several mosses and lichens are found, among them a Sphagnum. Eel-grass (Zostera marina L.) abounds in the lagoon, and occurs as drift along its shores, associated with green filmy sheets of Sea Lettuce (Ulva sp.?) that soon become 14 MEMOIRS OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. dried and bleached. Rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum (1.)), torn from its anchorage on some distant shore, is daily cast on the beach, but like some of the shells found there, of West Indian species, its appear- ance is quite accidental. There is one more plant that is worthy of mention, the Sandwort, as represented by Arenarta peplordes L. and A. grenlandica (Retz). It covers the dry bars, and among its shiny leaves, only a few inches high when I left, the Terns are fond of placing their nests. As for the ‘‘ golden-rod, asters, and blue lilies” that are said to bloom later in the season, I failed to obtain any specimens. Some of the grasses are cut for hay, but it did not look as if the crop could bea very heavy one. Potatoes and a few other vegetables are raised, but successful farming in such sandy soil is out of the question, even if the summers were not so cold. I make no pretence to a complete enumeration of the plants of Sable Island, for reasons given, but those that I have mentioned are among the most conspicuous and characteristic of its flora, which resembles in many respects that of the adjacent mainland. MAMMALS. It is not within the scope of the present paper to enter into a discussion of the whole fauna! of the island, and I therefore pass at once to some of the higher groups. Of the mammals there is little to be said, for the once abundant Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus (Linn.)) has long since been exterminated, and, with the exception of a couple of species of Seals, there are no mammals of any sort found there today, save those artificially introduced by man. Great numbers of the Harbor Seal (Phoca v7tu- Zina lL.) are resident. They were in large herds or smaller groups, basking along the beach or disporting in the lake. At the time of my visit many of the new-born young were seen, and could be easily cap- tured. Sometimes they were found straying inland, where they perished from hunger or from the dogs that delighted to worry them. When a herd was approached the old Seals would flounder down the beach into the water, leaving behind them a few of the mottled young either sound asleep or making no effort to escape. No great fear was shown by the adults, but they all evinced great curiosity, and they would follow me for considerable distances, swimming along with wide-opened eyes, ' Dr. Gilpin’s pamphlet (1558) is the only treatise ever published that has attempted a sketch of the fauna and flora of Sable Island. To it is appended a list of thirty-eight species of mollusca by J. Willis. THE IPSWICH SPARROW. 15 their shiny black heads ranging into a semi-circle just beyond the breakers if I paused to watch them. Occasionally I saw small groups of the larger Harp Seal (Phoca gren- landica Fabr.), the young of which are born on the bars in the month of January. I was shown the pure white skins of the young. They are found only in small numbers. When we consider the probable origin of Sable Island, an up-building of grains of sand from the depths of the ocean, and the changes through which it has passed, the absence of mammals upon it is not surprising. The history of the absolute extermination, often directly or indirectly by the hand of man, at one period or another, of every introduced species including the domestic animals, is a striking fact. The life tenure of each has also depended on a limited food supply and the severity of the winters. Even the wild ponies, of which there are several hundred, succumb when their pastures are buried by sand-drift. Only last winter (1893-94) scores died rather than venture from under the protecting banks and face a long-continued storm. Sheep do not survive the winters. The extermina- tion of the wild cattle and foxes that occupied the island in the seventeenth century has already been mentioned elsewhere. The wild swine were destroyed in 1814, because of their ghoulish propensities in times of wreck. Even the inhabitants themselves have occasionally been reduced to the extremity of eating horse flesh. There have been plagues of rats in con- sequence of the frequent wrecks. The stores of the first superintendent were so extensively demolished by these pests, that for a time he and his men were actually threatened with starvation. Rabbits, ordinary pet rabbits, were first introduced over fifty years ago, and apparently survived many years. It is said that about 1827 a Snowy Owl took up his abode on the island, feasting upon them and remaining throughout the summer. Towards 1880 some cats were turned loose, which fell upon the rabbits and rats and rapidly exterminated them. Shortly afterwards they themselves succumbed to winter hardships. In 1882 rabbits were again introduced, and became so abundant and such a nuisance that cats were again imported from Halifax to destroy them, seven in the summer of 1889 and thirty more in 1890. While the cats that survived the winter were still feasting upon the remnant of the rabbits, seven red foxes from the mainland were intro- duced in June, 1891, and in a single season they made an end of all the rabbits and the cats. The foxes have greatly multiplied, and are now exterminating the birds, sucking the eggs of the wild Ducks, and devouring the Terns which they catch at night on their nests. That the Ipswich Sparrow has been on the bill of fare of all these rats and cats and foxes (and prior to 1814, very likely, the wild swine) we can hardly doubt,— will it be spared their fate? 16 MEMOIRS OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. Birps. The total number of species of birds breeding on Sable Island is ten, and in relative order of abundance they stand about as follows: Sterna paradisea, Sterna hirundo, Atgialitis semtpalmata, Ammodramus prin- ceps, Tringa minutilla, A@gialitis meloda circumcincta, Sterna dougalli, Merganser serrator, Anas obscura, and Actit?s macularia. The sandy character of the island, with its lagoon and its bars, makes it a paradise for Terns, which are by far the most abundant and most con- spicuous of its feathered inhabitants. These snowy and graceful birds hover thick as snowflakes over the level stretches of dry sand-bar where great colonies lay their eggs regardless of storms and tides that sometimes urge the heavy surf far beyond its usual bounds and sweep away eggs and young by the thousand. The eggs are excellent eating, and ‘ egg-picking,’ as it is called, is systematically carried on by the life- saving crews for several weeks after the birds begin to lay. Finally every- body wearies of egg diet and the Terns are left to rear their young without further molestation from man. The ‘egg-pickers’ pass over the same ground nearly every day and spare such previously overlooked nests as chance to contain three eggs or more. I was told that, as the season advanced, the eggs became so much more plentiful that a smaller and smaller territory needed to be covered each time before the pails and baskets were filled to overflowing. Since foxes have been introduced the Terns have had a new and dangerous enemy, as attested by the numerous wings and feathers that lie about the fox burrows. It is to be hoped every effort will be made by the proper authorities to protect these birds from their worst enemy, man—or, to be more exact, in this case, woman, — for elsewhere along our Atlantic coast they have been wellnigh exter- minated in order to furnish the strange headgear that Fashion thought- lessly imposes. Probably more than two thirds of the birds I saw were Arctic Terns, and a large portion of the other third Common Terns, with a goodly sprinkling of Roseates, the latter a species hardly to be expected so far northward and associated with such boreal species as the Least Sandpiper and Semipalmated Plover. A few individuals of the Arctic Terns were in the peculiarly striking plumage in which they were once described as the Portland Tern. Dissection showed that such birds were immature and not breeding. Rare indeed was the moment when a Tern was not somewhere in sight, and the incessant din of their cries was never out of my ears. Even during the midnight hours, when all was still and the distant undertone of the dashing sea seemed hushed, the sudden cry of a restless bird passing overhead THE IPSWICH SPARROW. yy] would be heard. The uproar occasioned by the invasion of their colonies was augmented by every bird within call of its fellow. Although the dif- ferent species usually selected different parts of the beach for nesting grounds, the multitude of birds in the air seemed to preclude the proper identification of the eggs. But on Sable Island, just as I have found it to be elsewhere, and contrary to the statements of other observers, it is perfectly possible, with sufficient time at one’s disposal, eventually to mark down individual birds on their nests and, when they are disturbed, to follow them with the eye throughout the mazes of the hovering hordes. The presence of the Semipalmated Plover or Ringneck, breeding abun- dantly, was one of the many surprises that awaited me on this interesting island. The nearest locality at which it has recently been recorded as breeding is the Magdalen Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.!_ However, Dr. Gilpin in 1858 wrote as follows: ‘* Ringneck (Charadrius Torticollis) and Peeps ( Zrznga minuta) were breeding in numbers. .. .” ‘* Tortz- collzs,” a curious confounding with ‘wry-neck,’ of course refers to two species, but the reference to the Least Sandpiper is certainly a valid record of fact. The nests of the Semipalmated Plover were little more than hollows in the sand, carelessly lined with a few scraps of eel-grass or bits of dry grass, and were placed, without the least attempt at concealment, in all kinds of places, the sandier, more barren situations being usually chosen. A favorite site was among the fringe of drift cast up on the shore of the lagoon, where the eggs harmonized marvelously with their surroundings, and were easily overlooked. The bird leaves the nest the moment an intruder is spied. To my surprise, I find that there is no intimation by those who have met with this species in its northern haunts that it has any love song. Asa matter of fact the male sings frequently and loudly, though not very musi- cally. The liquid sweetness of the well-known call-note is lacking, and there is some suggestion of the kow-kow notes of the Black-billed Cuckoo. The song consists of a rather harsh, resonant ¢schip, monotonously repeated over and over at the rate of about forty times per minute, and ex- tending over a period of four or five minutes. During its execution the bird sweeps erratically hither and thither, near the ground, with slowly flapping wings that are momentarily held extended straight up above the body. The flight is most suggestive of that of the Nighthawk, and, like the song, it is not at all what one might expect from acquaintance with the birds during their migrations. On Sable Island they are known as ‘Black Ringnecks,’ to distinguish them from the ‘ White Ringnecks,’ as the Belted Piping Plovers are called. 1 Bishop, Auk, VI, 1889, 147. 18 MEMOIRS OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. The presence of the latter subspecies, heretofore considered a bird of the Northwest and straying only occasionally to the Atlantic coast, was another of Sable Island’s surprises. They are outnumbered by the Semi- palmated Plovers perhaps a hundred fold, but they are moderately abundant. They lay their eggs in hollows made in the sand, without any attempt ata nest. The eggs are like those of the ordinary Piping Plover (which bird I did not find on the island), finely speckled on a light ground, and quite unlike the eggs of the Semipalmated Plover, which are heavily spotted on a dark ground. The birds themselves, including the females, had the neck-ring of black complete and conspicuous. The question of distribution raised by these facts is an interesting one. Another unexpected species found on Sable Island was the Least Sand- piper, although Dr. Gilpin mentions it back in 1858. Recent observers have found it breeding in Labrador, and doubtfully refer it to Newfound- land and the Magdalen Islands. On Sable Island it abounds, though far less abundant than the Semipalmated Plover, and unlike the latter confines itself to the turfy stretches adjacent to the inland ponds. This is another water-bird whose love song has never been mentioned by those who seem to have been well acquainted with the species in its northern haunts. This is all the more surprising, inasmuch as the song is striking — quite musical in fact, and more metallic than that of the Semipalmated Plover, which, however, it resembles in monotonous repetition. It, too, is delivered on the wing, but the flight of the little Sandpiper is quite different. He poises often high in air with a series of rapid flaps of the wings, followed by a soaring forward (never in circles) while the wings are stiffly set for a few moments. The flight of the Meadowlark, or of the Spotted Sandpiper, is suggested. Meanwhile the song, consisting of two rapidly repeated syllables, the inflection rising, and the emphasis falling on the second, continues to vibrate in the air. The intonation is very like that of the spring note of the common toad, and the couplet t0d-Gr' is repeated one hundred and thirty times every minute. As _ the length of the whole performance is usually about ten minutes without any break, the monotony of such a song is very obvious, although it blended pleasantly with the harsh cries of the ever-present Terns and had a silvery tinkle about it when heard off in the drifting fog. At its close the performer would glide to the ground with the low, cheerful chuckle that is familiar to us during the migration, and perhaps scamper away with his mate along the margin of some sandy pool. The nest is placed in the dry turf where there is actually not enough grass to conceal a croquet- ball, and the males assist in incubating the eggs which are so extraordin- arily large for the size of the birds. They sit on the nests until fairly THE IPSWICH SPARROW. 19 trodden upon, and then tumble along over the ground, as if injured, to divert your attention from their treasures, which stand very nearly on their pointed ends in the deep cup prepared for them. The birds are tame and certainly deserve the pleasing accounts that have been written of them by Audubon, Nuttall, Dr. Coues, and others. Of the two species of Ducks that are summer residents on the island, the Red-breasted Merganser is the more abundant, although both are much diminished in numbers compared with what they used to be, and the foxes are now making sad havoc with the handful that remains. Dr. Gilpin mentions ‘* Black Duck (Awas obscu7o) and the Shell Drake (Merganser).” Where a Duck can be seen sitting on her nest in an exposed situation, as is often the case, the foxes do not have to search for them, and it is only some of the nests hidden away in the brier-patches that can possibly escape. The rarest of the summer residents is the Spotted Sandpiper, for I knew of but two pairs on the island. I have now enumerated. with the exception of the Ipswich Sparrow, all the birds that breed, but there are many other visitors. I used to see almost daily a flock of Kittiwake Gulls (/tssa tridactyla), but dissection of speci- mens showed that there were no signs whatever of breeding. Occasionally single birds or even flocks of the Herring and Great Black-backed Gulls (Larus argentatus smithsonianus and L. marinus) were seen, and on fogg nights Petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) used to come about the lighthouses in numbers, following their nocturnal proclivities, and wandering doubtless from their burrows on the Nova Scotia coast. A few dusky Jaegers (« Gull Chasers’ or ‘ Bos’ns,’ as they are called) were sometimes seen far out over the bars. The only specimen I obtained was a bleached and mummified carcass of Stercorarius parasiticus that had washed up on the beach. During the early days of my stay a few belated migrants, chiefly Warblers, played at hide and seek about the barns and woodpiles, wondering perhaps how they had got into a country so devoid of sheltering trees and bushes. Soon they all disappeared, and it was later when waifs from the mainland (such for instance as Janco hyemalis, Empidonax flaviventris, Chetura pelagica, and others) made their appearance, possibly losing their way in the fog or drifted along by the wind. After loitering for a few days they, too, would disappear, to be replaced later by other waifs. I was informed that in the spring few Shore-birds or Ducks visit the island, and that in the autumn they are not as abundant as the situation of the island would seem to promise. If now I have been successful in placing before my readers a rough picture of the island home of the Ipswich Sparrow, they will better appreciate the historical sketch and life-history of the bird which I am about to present, prefacing the same with the necessary synonymy and descriptions. 20 MEMOIRS OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. SYNONYMY. Ammodramus princeps (Maynard). IPSWICH SPARROW. Centronyx bairdii, Maynarp, Am. Nat. III, 554, 1869 (original notice of supposed occurrence of Centronyx bairdii in Massachusetts, the bird proving to be a new species, Ammodramus princeps); Nat. Guide, 112, frontisp., 1870 (original description and woodcut of the supposed C. dairdi).— ALLEN, Am. Nat. III, 513, 631, 1869-70 (further notice of same).— SamMuELs, Bds. New Engl. 581, 1870 (reference to same); N. and E. Bds. 581, 1883 (= Bds. New Engl., 1870, retitled). Brewster, Am. Nat. VI, 307, 1872 (two additional specimens from Massachusetts).— Cougs, Key, TG S52 Loe. Passerculus princeps, Maynarp, Am. Nat. VI, 637, 1872 (explanation of error, and the supposed C. dairdit named Passerculus princeps); Nat. Guide, 2d. ed., 112, 1877 (colored plate, text revised); Bds. Florida, pt. iv, 101, 1878 (good general account, colored plate); Bds. E. N. Am. 101, 1881 (= Bds. Florida, 1878, retitled).— CouEs, Key, 352, 1872; Am. Nat. VII, 696, 1873 (brief references to the early cap- tures) ; Check-List, 31, 1873; Field Orn. (part 2, Check-List), 31, 1874 ( =reprint of 1873 Check-List) ; Bull. N. O. C. III, 1, 1878 (synonymy, bibliography) ; Check-List, 2d. ed., 52, 160, 1882; Key, 2d ed., 361, 1884.— Batrp, Brew. and Ripew. Hist. N. Am. Bds. I, 533, 540, pl. 25, f. 2, 1874 (general account, with description and colored plate of head).— Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XVII, 441, 1875 (New England) ; ibid. XIX, 305, 1878 (further records) ; zid. XX, 270, 1879 (references).— Brown, Rod and Gun, VI, 81, 1875 (Maine); Bull. N. O. C. II, 27, 1877 ( New Hampshire, doubtful) ; Lippincott’s Mag. XXIII, 622, 1879 (woodcut, Maine); Bull. N.O.C. VII, 190, 1882; Proc. Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., 13, 1882.— Brewster, Bull. N.O.C. I, 18, 1876 (New England) ; zdéd. 52, 1876 (New Brunswick); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. XXII, 374, 1883 (not found on Magdalen Islands).— JorpaNn, Man. Verteb., 84, 1876.— Merriam, Bull. N. O. C. I, 52, 1876 (Connecticut) ; Trans. Conn. Acad. IV, pt. ii, 36, 1877; Auk, I, 390, 1884 (Sable Island, Nova Scotia, probably breeding).— BatLey, Bull. N. O. C. II, 78, 1877 (New York).— GieBeL, Thes. Orn. III, 38, 1877 (placed in Zonotrichia).— Minot, Bds. New Engl., 195, 1877 (general account); zbé¢. 2d ed. (Brewster), 201, 1895 ALLEN, Bull. Essex Inst., X, 16, 1878 (Massachusetts).— N. T. Lawrence, F. and S., X, 235, 1878 (early captures, New Jersey); Bull. N.O. C. III, 102, 1878 (= previous record).— W. A. JrerrriEs, Bull. N. O. C. IV, 103, 1879 (habits, comparison of plumage with 4. s. savanna)—Abport, F. and S. XIV, 44, 1880 (New Jersey).— Ripcway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. III, 178, 217, 1880; zed. IV, 211, 1881; Auk, I, 292, 1884 (supposed eggs from Sable Island, N. S.).— Woo tsey, Bull. N. O. C. V, 121, 1880 (Connecticut).— Scorr, Bull. N. O. C. VI, 116, 1881 (New Jersey).— STEARNS, New Engl. Bd. Life, I, 235, 1881.— CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. N. H. Soc. N. Bruns. I, 38, 1882 (= Brewster, Bull. N. O. C. 52, 1876); Bull. N.O. C. VIII, 8, 1883 (flock); Bull. N. H. Soc. N. Bruns. IT, 40, 1883 (= previous record).— INGER- SOLL, Birds’-Nesting, 93, 1882 (nidification unknown).— Dutcue_r, O. and O. VIII, 48, THE IPSWICH SPARROW. 21 1883 (New York); Auk, I, 31, 1884 (= previous record) ; zé¢d. II, 36, 1885 (many specimens from Long Island, N. Y.).— Grirrrnc, O. and O. VIII, 22, 1883 (New York).— Smitu, F. and S. XIX, 466, 1883 (Maine, rare in spring).— LaNGILLE, Bds. E. N. Am., 199, 1884 (mere mention).— BisHop, O. and O. X, 30, 1885 (Connecticut). — Dwicut, Auk, II, 105, 1885 (Delaware). Passerculus maynardi, Batrp, Brew. and Ripcw., Hist. N. Am. Bds. I, 541, 1874 (dapsus penne in text). Zonotrichia princeps, GirpeL, Thes. Orn. III, 38, 772, 1877 (Passerculus a synonym of Zonotrichia). Ammodramus princeps, Rripcway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. VIII, 354, 1885 (placed in genus Ammodramus); Man. N. Am. Bds., 407, 1887.— ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus., I, no. 7, 251, 1886; Auk, X, 126, 1893 (faunal relations).— A. O. U., Check-List, 265, 1886; zbid. abridged ed., 48, 1889.— Dutcuer, Auk, III, 441, 1886 (distribution, food); F. and S., XXXIV, 206, 1890.— Jones, Auk, III, 135, 1886 (Nova Scotia mainland in spring).— Sennett, Auk, III, 135, 1886 (Texas, probable error in label). — CHAMBERLAIN, Cat. Canad. Bds., 85, 1887 (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia); Table Canad. Bds., 10, 1888; Ornith. U. S. and Can. (revis. Nuttall’s Man.) I, 326, 1891 (brief mention)— Cooker, Migrat. Miss. Valley, 188, 1888 (occurrence in Texas doubted).— Jorpan, Man. Verteb. 5th ed. 286, 1888.— SHARPE, Cat. Passerif. pt. III, 679, 1888 (synonymy, description).— BisHop, Auk, VI, 199, 1889.— Brown, Proc. Portl. Soc. 39, 1889.— Daviz, Nests and Eggs, 3d ed. 298, 1889 (=, practically, Ridgw. Auk, 1884).— Maynarp, Eggs N. Am. Bds. 104, 1890 (authenticated eggs unknown).— J. Netson, Geol. Surv. N. J. II, 541, 1890.— Rives, Proc. Newport Soc. N. H., Doce. VII, 73, 1890 (Virginia).— Wortuincton, Auk, VII, 211, 1890 (Georgia). — AVERILL, Bridgeport Sci. Soc. 14, 1892 (Connecticut, rare).— LAURENT, O. and O. XVII, 88, 1892 (New Jersey).— Stone, Auk, IX, 204, 1892; Bds. E. Penn. and N. J. 112, 1894 (New Jersey, winter resident).— Apcar, Key, 28, 1893.— Brewster, Auk, X, 302, 1893 (= Worthington, 1890); 7zd., X, 365.— CHapMan, Bds. Vicin. N. Y. City, 59, 1894 (winter resident); Handb. Bds. East. N. A. 291, 1895.— Wricut, Bird- craft, 146, 1895. Large Barren Ground Sparrow, Ipswich Sparrow, Pallid Sparrow, Maynard’s Sparrow, Ipswich Savanna Sparrow, of authors. HABITAT. Sable Island, Nova Scotia, partly resident. In migration confined closely to the seacoast southward, wintering casually in New England, more abun- dantly from New York to Virginia, and occasionally reaching Georgia. DESCRIPTIONS. Male and female in breeding plumage-— Top of head sepia brown! with darker streaking and a median ashy white line; rest of upper parts ashy or smoke gray, most pronounced on the nape, obscurely streaked on the neck and rump, broadly 1 Ridgway’s nomenclature of colors is used in these descriptions. 22 MEMOIRS OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. striped on the back and upper tail coverts with deep brown. Each feather (includ-. ing the scapularies, the tertiaries and most of the wing coverts) is centrally clove brown, merging into an outer zone of sepia or vandyke, broadly edged (narrowly on the crown) with gray which, on the inner webs of the median feathers of the crown, on the back, and on the tertiaries, becomes conspicuously ashy white and forms two obscure wing-bars at the tips of the greater and median coverts. The coverts and the outer webs of the scapularies, tertiaries and secondaries, are tinged with pale russet. Quill-feathers of the wings and tail deep hair brown above, paler below, the two outer rectrices slightly paler than the rest, the shafts lighter colored, the webs (chiefly the outer) narrowly edged with ashy white. Under parts white, streaked rather broadly with brown along the sides from the bill to the tail and on the breast, giving the effect of spotting when the plumage is disarranged. The individual feathers have central linear spots of clove brown that merge into narrow zones of russet-tinged vandyke. A conspicuously dark, submalar streak is continued along the sides in two fairly definite lines that are supplemented by others on the breast, where they aggregate into an obscure central blotch, the entire inner web of some of the median feathers being of a rusty brown. ‘The chin and jugulum are immaculate and, together with a malar stripe, broadening posteriorly, are pure white. A dark brown rictal streak curves upward towards a paler postocular line. The auriculars are ashy or brown-tinged; the lores paler. A broad superciliary line is canary yellow, becoming ashy posteriorly. The orbital ring is whitish, more or less tinged with yellow. Lining of wing and longer under tail coverts (the shorter are entirely white and conceal the others) white with dusky shaft streaks. Bend of wing tinged with yellow, which sometimes also suffuses the lesser external coverts. Tibia pale vandyke. Legs, in fresh specimen, yellowish or brownish flesh-color, fading in time to a pale yellowish buff. Feet darker, especially at the joints. Bill in fresh specimens: upper mandible bluish black, grayish or yellowish along posterior two thirds of the edge, fading in time to a blackish brown; lower mandible bluish gray at tip, becoming a pale flesh brown posteriorly, and flesh-color at the base, fading in time to a yellowish buff. Iris deep hazel brown. ‘The sexes are alike in plumage differing only in relative size. During the breeding season, the plumage becoming much abraded, the pale edgings of the feathers are lost to such an extent that the birds, instead of appearing, like most species, paler and faded, are really darker, and the streakings are sharper, than at any other season of the year. The yellow over the eye, acquired late in the spring moult, is equally intense in both sexes, although the individual intensity is variable. The feathers of the lower parts are white only at their extremities, and if disarranged easily show the mouse-gray of their proximal portion. Adults in autumn. Above hoary, even grayer than in spring dress, owing to the broad ashy edgings of the feathers. The russet on the wings is a little more pro- nounced, the vandyke zone of the dorsal feathers is broader, and the superciliary line is ashy white or only faintly tinged with yellow. Beneath, a slight buffy cast prevails except on the chin, abdomen, and lower tail coverts, and the streakings are suffused, and paler and rustier than in spring. ‘This effect is due largely to a wider zone of the vandyke and to the long, veiling, white margins of the feathers. ; THE IPSWICH SPARROW. 23 Young of the year. Differs from the adult in the brownish, rather than grayish, tints above, in the richer, deeper russet on the wings, and in the decided buffy wash that suffuses the head, the neck, and the under parts. This buffiness is most marked on the sides and breast, and it strongly tinges the malar stripe and auriculars. Young in first plumage. (8, juv., No. 3870, collection of J. Dwight, Jr., Sable Island, Nova Scotia, August 25, 1894.) Top of head, neck and rump, yellowish buff, tinged with ochraceous, and streaked narrowly with deep clove brown. An indistinct median stripe on the crown is pale buff. Back and upper tail coverts buffy or ashy, broadly striped with deep clove brown. Each feather has a large median, almost black, elliptical spot that merges into a narrow zone of buff broadly edged with ashy white. The scapularies are partly edged with vandyke instead of buff, thus producing two lateral brown stripes. Quill-feathers of the wings and tail, clove brown, edged, chiefly on the outer webs, with pale cinnamon brown which becomes broader and richer on the long tertiaries, while the margins of the first primary, the short tertiaries, and the greater and median coverts, are conspicuously ashy white, forming on the coverts two obscure wing-bars. The median coverts are dusky and show little or no cinnamon. Beneath, pale yellowish buff, nearly white on chin, abdomen, and under tail coverts; streaked, as in the adult, on the sides and breast with deep clove brown, almost black. Rictal and postocular streaks strongly tinged with vandyke. Auriculars pale ochraceous buff, forming a distinct spot on the side of the head; lores dusky. Superciliary stripe ashy gray. Tibie pale cinnamon. Legs, feet, and bill similar to those of the adult, but somewhat paler. The relatively larger size and paler coloration of this species readily distinguish it in all plumages from 4. sandwichensis savanna, the average female being about the size of the male savanna. The superficial resemblance to certain pale Western birds referable to 4. s. alaudinus, is in a few cases rather striking. The first plumage of savanna is everywhere darker than that of frinceps, having a deep ochraceous instead of a buffy cast, while the margins of the tertiaries and secondaries are a deep cinnamon, almost chestnut, and the streakings are somewhat heavier. Measurements of 50 males: Length! 156 (150-159); extent! 257 (253-262); wing 76 (73-79) 3 tail 58.5 (55-62) ; tarsus 22.5 (21.5—-24.5); middle toe 17.4 (16.5—18) ; claw of middle toe 5.1 (4-6); bill, chord of exposed culmen, 11 (10~-12.5)3 bill from nostril, 8.5 (7.5-9-5); depth of bill at nostril 5.9 (5—6.s). Measurements of 50 females: Length* 149 (142-159); extent” 241.3 (234-248); wing 71 (67-74); tail 55.4 (52-59); tarsus 21.5 (20-23); middle toe 16.7 (15.5— 18); claw of middle toe 5 (3.5-6); bill, chord of exposed culmen, 10.7 (10-11.5); bill from nostril 8.2 (7-9); depth of bill at nostril 5.5 (5—6).® 1 Nine specimens only. ? Sixteen specimens only. 3 Average measurements in zzches, of the above specimens, are as follows :— ad: Length 6.14; extent 10.11; wing 2.99; tail 2.30; tarsus .89; middle toe .68; claw of middle toe 20; bill, chord of exposed culmen, .44, from nostril .33, depth at nostril .23. 9: Length 5.87; extent 9.50; wing 2.79; tail 2.15; tarsus .85; middle toe .66; claw of middle toe 20; bill, chord of exposed culmen, .42, from nostril .32, depth at nostril .22. 24 MEMOIRS OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. History OF THE IpswicH SPARROW. Before intruding upon the Ipswich Sparrow in the privacy it has enjoyed for so many years on its island home, it is worth our while to glean from published records such information as has been current regarding an imperfectly known species. Inasmuch as I have found it to be the only resident bird upon Sable Island, it is interesting to note in passing that as early as 1858, Dr. Gilpin in a pamphlet upon the natural history of the island’ said ‘* A little brown sparrow (Fr7ngilla ) also summered and wintered there.” While this is undoubtedly a reference to the Ipswich Sparrow, his importance was not recognized, nor did he appear as a scientific fact until Mr. Maynard in the ‘American Naturalist’ for December, 1869, (p. 554) thus introduced him, under another bird’s name, to the zodlogical world: ‘*On Dec. 4th, 1868, I shot a sparrow that was new to me, on the sand-hills at Ipswich. Through the kindness of Prof. S. F. Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution, to whom I sent it for comparison with the only extant specimen of the Centronyx Bairdit (which is owned by him), it has been proved identical with that collected by Audubon in 1843 on the banks of the Yellowstone River, in the far West. My specimen differs somewhat in size and general coloration from Prof. Baird’s. A detailed description, and the comparative measurements of the two specimens will be given in a work about to be published, entitled ‘A Guide to Naturalists in collecting and preserving objects of Natural History,’ which will also contain a complete list of the birds of Eastern Massachusetts, with critical notes and remarks relative to the localities in which some of the rarer species occur. A _ life-sized engraving of the Cenxtronyx captured at Ipswich will also be given.” In justice to Prof. Baird, it may be here stated that at that time there was but one worn and faded specimen of Baird’s Sparrow, taken nearly thirty years before, with which to make comparison. The two species really resemble one another but very slightly. In the same number of the ‘ American Naturalist’ (p. 513) Dr. J. A. Allen refers to the Ipswich specimen at the beginning of his ‘Notes on Some of the Rarer Birds of Massachusetts,’ a full account following in February, 1870, (p. 631) under ‘Centronyx Bairdit’ of his list. During the year 1870 Mr. Maynard’s ‘ Naturalists’ Guide’ was published, containing a wood-cut and original description of the supposed Baird’s Sparrow (p. 112). As this really applies to Ammodramus princeps, I take the liberty of quoting the article almost entire : — 1 For exact references to this, and to succeeding papers quoted, reference should be made to the bibliography appended at page 43. THE IPSWICH SPARROW. 25 75. Centronyx Bairdii, Bairp.— Baira’s Sparrow. It is with pleasure that I add this unique sparrow to the Catalogue of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts. Previous to the capture of this there was but one specimen extant, which was one of the original birds captured by Audubon upon the banks of the Yellowstone River, July 26, 1843. My specimen, through the kindness of Professor S. F. Baird, has been compared with the original, which is in his possession, and pronounced identi- cal; but as mine differs somewhat from his, I have thought best to give a descrip- tion of it here.* Centronyx Bairdii, Batrp.— Baird’; Sparrow. (See Frontispiece.t) Emberiza Batrdit. Auvp., Birds America, VII, 1843; Pl. 500. Coturniculus Bairdit. Bon. Syn. 1850, 48r. Centronyx Bairdit. Bairv, Birds N. Am. 1858, 441. Sp. Cu.— Back grayish; the middle of the feathers having a black centre edged with rufous. Top of head streaked with dusky and pale rufous, divided by a broad stripe of pale yellowish white. There is also a whitish superciliary stripe extend- ing from the base of the bill to the back of the head. Ear-coverts grayish, with a rufous tinge. Quills brownish, edged with white on the outer web; scapularies, secondaries, and wing-coverts brownish black, edged broadly with rufous, brightest on the secondaries; scapularies also edged narrowly with white; the ends of both rows of wing-coverts narrowly tipped with white, forming two rather indistinct bars across the wings. Tail brownish, with the tips of the feathers and terminal half of the outer web of the outer tail-feathers pale yellowish white; the rest of the tail- feathers narrowly edged with the same. Under parts, including under tail-coverts, pure white. Feathers of the sides of the throat, with a broad band across the breast and sides, streaked with rufous, with dusky centres. The throat is indis- tinctly spotted with dusky. A triangular spot on the sides of the neck, below the ear-coverts, pale buff; ears dusky. Bill dark brown, with base of the under mandible paler. Eyes and feet brown. Differs from Powecetes gramineus, which in general form it resembles, in having a central stripe on the head, and a general rufous appearance, also in having longer tarsi, toes, and claws. With /asserculus savanna it cannot justly be compared, as it is much larger, and has a shorter and more obtuse bill. Indeed, so nearly does it resemble the P. gramineus, that amateur ornithologists to whom I have shown it have unhesitatingly pronounced it to be that species. *«Tt differs in color just as clear autumnal birds differ from worn breeding ones,— tints paler, markings more suffused, etc. The stripe along the top of head is paler, not as fulvous as in the type; but in all essential points it seems to be the same bird.”— Professor S. F. Baird, in Epist. + The convexity of the upper mandible is somewhat exaggerated in the plate. 4 26 MEMOIRS OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. I give the comparative measurements of the two specimens, remarking that Professor Baird’s was made from the dried skin, while mine was taken from the fresh bird.! The Ipswich Sand-hills, where the specimen was procured, is a most peculiar place. I never have met with its equalanywhere. Years ago these Sand-hills, which are three miles long by three fourths of a mile across, and contain about one thousand acres, were covered with a thick growth of pine-trees. Protected by these trees, and among them, dwelt a tribe of Indians, whose earlier presence is indicated, not only by tradition, but by numerous shell heaps scattered over the Sand-hills at irregular intervals. Indeed, even now the ashes of camp-fires may be seen, apparently fresh. Upon the advent of the white man, the usual event transpired, namely, the disappear- ance of the trees; and today, with the exception of a few scattering ones at the southeasterly corner, near the house of the proprietor of the Sand-hills, Mr. George Woodbury, not a tree is to be seen. All is bleak and barren. The surface of the ground, once covered with a slight deposit of soil, has become a mass of shifting sands. Many times has the present owner had cause to regret the want of foresight in his ancestors in removing the trees, as the several acres of arable land around the house are now covered with sand, including a valuable apple-orchard. Upon this orchard the sand has drifted to the depth of thirty feet. Some of the trees present the curious phenomenon of apples growing upon limbs that protrude a few feet only above the sand, while the trunk and lower branches are buried! The Sand-hills, in places, are covered with a sparse growth of coarse grass, upon the seeds of which, as I have remarked elsewhere, thousands of Snow Buntings feed. There are, in some places, sinks or depressions with the level of the sea. In these sinks, which, except during the summer months, are filled with fresh water, a more luxuriant growth of grass appears. Walking, on December 4, 1868, near one of these places, in search of Lapland Longspurs, I started a Sparrow from out the tall grass, which flew wildly and alighted again a few rods away. I approached the spot, surprised at seeing a Sparrow at this late day so far north, especially in so bleak a place. After some trouble I again started it. It flew wildly as before, when I fired, and was fortunate enough to secure it. It proved to be Baird’s Sparrow. When I found I had taken a specimen which I had never seen before, — although at that time I did not know its name or the interest attached to it, —I instantly went in search of more. After a time I succeeded in starting another. This one, however, rose too far off for gunshot, and I did not secure it. It flew away to a great distance, when I lost sight of it. After this I thought that among the myriads of Snow Buntings that continually rose a short distance from me I again detected it, but I was perhaps mistaken. I am confident of having seen it in previous years at this place, earlier in the season. * * * * * * * * * * 1The comparative measurements (in inches) of the two birds are given as follows by Mr. Maynard : — Length Wing Tail Billabove Billalong gape Tarsus Middletoe Hind toe and claw and claw 2.10 0.49 0.50 0.84 0.91 0.72 Nebraska bird, 4.64 7 5 2.60 0.45 0.52 0.95 1.05 0.72 Massachusetts bird, 6.30 3. THE IPSWICH SPARROW. 27 I think it more probable that the birds which occur at Ipswich are winter visitors from the north, than that they are stragglers from so great a distance as Nebraska. As might be expected, I heard no song-note at this season, but simply a short chirp of alarm.! In 1872 Mr. William Brewster recorded the following captures: ‘‘ Mr. Maynard also informs me that he took two more specimens of Baird’s Sparrow (Centronyx Barrdi?), October 14th and 15th [1870], on the Ipswich sand- hills, thereby confirming the hypothesis advanced by him in the ‘ Nat- uralists’ Guide,’ namely, that they are regular winter visitants from the North.” The capture of these additional specimens led to the discovery by Mr. Maynard that they were of a new species, and towards the end of the year 1872, in the ‘American Naturalist’ for October (p. 637), the original error was corrected by him, and the Ipswich Sparrow was established as a new species in the following words : — In December, 1868, I took a Sparrow at Ipswich which was then supposed to be Centronyx Bairdit. In the autumn of 1870, I took two more of the same species, also at Ipswich ; but upon visiting the Smithsonian Institution this spring and com- paring these specimens with the original C. Batrdii, I have come to the conclusion that they are specifically distinct. They are closely allied to the savanna sparrow and evidently belong to the same genus; I therefore propose to name the Massa- chusetts bird Passerculus princeps, the large barren ground sparrow. The Cevtronyx Bairdii should also, I think, be referred to the genus Passerculus, for I can see no good generic character by which it can be separated. A description and figure of this new Passerculus will be found in the ‘ Naturalists’ Guide’ (page 112), under the name of Centronyx Bairdii, with a history of the capture of the first specimen and also an account of how this name came to be applied to it. It will likewise be understood that the name of Centronyx Bairdii, given in a notice in the May number of the NaTuRALIST (page 307) by Mr. Brewster, should read Passerculus princeps. Dr. Coues in his ‘ Key,’ published in 1872, under ‘Centronyx batrdit,’ hinted at ‘‘ something not now anticipated,” and in the appendix recognized “